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Akhnaten (opera)
''Akhnaten'' is an opera in three acts based on the life and religious convictions of the pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV),〔The composer uses the spelling Akhnaten, while the more conventional spelling of the name is Akhenaten. Given the nature of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the absence of a vowel is not linguistically significant. In this article, the first version refers to the opera and the second to the pharaoh.''〕 written by the American minimalist composer Philip Glass in 1983. Akhnaten had its world premiere on March 24, 1984 at the Stuttgart State Opera, under the German title ''Echnaton''. Paul Esswood sang the title role, German director Achim Freyer staged the opera in an abstract style with highly ritualistic movements. The American premiere was held on October 12, 1984 at the Houston Grand Opera, where Glass's opera ''The Making of the Representative for Planet 8'' also premiered.
According to the composer, this work is the culmination of his two other biographical operas, ''Einstein on the Beach'' (about Albert Einstein) and ''Satyagraha'' (about Mohandas Gandhi). These three people — Akhenaten, Einstein and Gandhi — were all driven by an inner vision which altered the age in which they lived, in particular Akhenaten in religion, Einstein in science, and Gandhi in politics.
The text, taken from original sources, is sung in the original languages, linked together with the commentary of a narrator in a modern language, such as English or German. Egyptian texts of the period are taken from a poem of Akhenaten himself, from the ''Egyptian Book of the Dead'', and from extracts of decrees and letters from the Amarna period, the seventeen-year period of Akhenaten's rule. Other portions are in Akkadian and Biblical Hebrew. Akhnaten's ''Hymn to the Sun'' is sung in the language of the audience.
==Roles==
Small male chorus (Priests), Large opera chorus (The people of Egypt)
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